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SUMMARY THE SCOPE OF SEMANTICS
The view have just been criticising ‘NAMING’ is relates words and things directly. CONCEPTS is relates word and things indirectly, but throught of reference. Two of the best theory in which are seen by theory of de saussure and the ‘ semiotic’ triagle of Organde & Richards.
1. Theory of Saussure, as we have seen linguistic sign consists of a SIGNIFIER ( sound or image ) and SIGNIFIED ( the meaning is conveyed ). Both have more strictly that the noises we make to say the object in the world of experience throught the meaning exist of our mind called CONCEPT
2. Theory of the semiotic triangle by Ogden & Richards, A sign is symbol indicates a concepts. The concept is the reference, refers to some object in the real world called REFERENT.
REFERENCE deals with the relationship between the linguistic element ( word, sentence, etc ) and the non-linguistic world of experience or REFERENT. SENSE relates to the complex system of relationship that hold between the linguistic elements themselves : it is concerned only with intralinguistic item. For instead, the relationship between sex and gender : cow/bull, mare/stallion, the relationship between Family : Father/son, uncle/ nephew, or relationship words to words like that synonyms, antonyms, homonym, and polisemi.
The Word is one of the basic units of semantics. There are two kind of word as full word that can expect to find in a dictionary (tree,sing), and form word only to relation to the other word (it,the). The sentence is a group of word created the meaning.
SUMMARY OF CONTEXT AND REFERENCE
The topic in this chapter, concerned with the relation between language and the world in which we used. We will be using the term ‘reference’ in the restricted sense suggested and shall talk about the relation of language to the world in terms of CONTEXT or to distinguish it from linguistiuc context, CONTEX OF SITUATION.
Linguistic Relativity
The Whorf hypothesis is the view that language shapes cognition; that is, concepts and ways of thinking depend on language. People who speak significantly different languages, then, view the world differently (the different way of thing and behaviour). Also called the hypothesis of linguistic relativity or the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, the Whorf hypothesis was named after the early twentieth-century linguist Benjamin Whorf, who claimed that, because the Hopi language expressed statements about time in importantly dissimilar ways than other languages, the Hopi held a different conception of time than other peoples. Related to linguistic relativity is linguistic determinism, the view that language necessitates how one thinks (thinking outside the bounds of one's language is impossible). Some psychologists believe the Whorf hypothesis helps explain cognition; like linguistic determinism, however, it is highly controversial.
The Exclusion of context
Exclusion is that there are extremely great theoretical and practical difficulties in handling context satisfactorily.
First, it is argued that the meaning of a sentence, or the fact that it is ambiguous or anomalous. A second and, at first sight, rather more plausible argument is that the world of experience must of necessity include the sum of human knowledge. If this is so, and if semantics is defined in terms of reference, the scope of semantics will be infinite. There is, then, no such thing in semantics as linguistic ability that is unrelated to knowledge of the world
Context of Situation
The term context of situation is associated with two scholars, first an anthropologist who has already been mentioned, B.Malinowski, and later a linguist, J.R. Firth. Both were concerned with stating meaning in terms of the context in which language is used, but in rather different ways.
Behaviorism
She would have first received a stimulus which would have produce a respon, and than would have connection of the object or accident.
Contex, Culture, and Style.
Instead of trying to interpret meaning in terms of Context, we can set ourselves the much more limited task of identifying those features of context which seem to be most relevant to our choice of language. To begin with, most, and perhaps all, language have deictis, which identify objects, persons and events in terms of their relation to the speakers in space and time. There are tree main types of deictic.
First, the speakers must be able to identify the participants in the discourse – himselfand the person or persons to whom he is speaking.
Secoundly, English has here and there, his and that to distinguish between the position of the speaker or closeness to it and other position or greater distances.
Thirdly, time relations are indicated in english not only by general adverbs such as now and then but also by more specific ones such as yesterday and tomorrow.
Apart from the style of the individual have suggested three main feature of style- provice, status and modality. Provice is concerned with occupation and professional activity. Status deals with social relation, but especially in term of formalityof language and the used of polite or colloquial languagew or of slang. Modality is intended to relate to the choice between poetry and prose, essay and short story, the language of memoranda, telegrams, jokes, etc.
A competence speaker of language of a language must have command of all these different style. But he will almost certainly have some command also of different kinds of his language that are collectively known as dialects.
The view have just been criticising ‘NAMING’ is relates words and things directly. CONCEPTS is relates word and things indirectly, but throught of reference. Two of the best theory in which are seen by theory of de saussure and the ‘ semiotic’ triagle of Organde & Richards.
1. Theory of Saussure, as we have seen linguistic sign consists of a SIGNIFIER ( sound or image ) and SIGNIFIED ( the meaning is conveyed ). Both have more strictly that the noises we make to say the object in the world of experience throught the meaning exist of our mind called CONCEPT
2. Theory of the semiotic triangle by Ogden & Richards, A sign is symbol indicates a concepts. The concept is the reference, refers to some object in the real world called REFERENT.
REFERENCE deals with the relationship between the linguistic element ( word, sentence, etc ) and the non-linguistic world of experience or REFERENT. SENSE relates to the complex system of relationship that hold between the linguistic elements themselves : it is concerned only with intralinguistic item. For instead, the relationship between sex and gender : cow/bull, mare/stallion, the relationship between Family : Father/son, uncle/ nephew, or relationship words to words like that synonyms, antonyms, homonym, and polisemi.
The Word is one of the basic units of semantics. There are two kind of word as full word that can expect to find in a dictionary (tree,sing), and form word only to relation to the other word (it,the). The sentence is a group of word created the meaning.
SUMMARY OF CONTEXT AND REFERENCE
The topic in this chapter, concerned with the relation between language and the world in which we used. We will be using the term ‘reference’ in the restricted sense suggested and shall talk about the relation of language to the world in terms of CONTEXT or to distinguish it from linguistiuc context, CONTEX OF SITUATION.
Linguistic Relativity
The Whorf hypothesis is the view that language shapes cognition; that is, concepts and ways of thinking depend on language. People who speak significantly different languages, then, view the world differently (the different way of thing and behaviour). Also called the hypothesis of linguistic relativity or the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, the Whorf hypothesis was named after the early twentieth-century linguist Benjamin Whorf, who claimed that, because the Hopi language expressed statements about time in importantly dissimilar ways than other languages, the Hopi held a different conception of time than other peoples. Related to linguistic relativity is linguistic determinism, the view that language necessitates how one thinks (thinking outside the bounds of one's language is impossible). Some psychologists believe the Whorf hypothesis helps explain cognition; like linguistic determinism, however, it is highly controversial.
The Exclusion of context
Exclusion is that there are extremely great theoretical and practical difficulties in handling context satisfactorily.
First, it is argued that the meaning of a sentence, or the fact that it is ambiguous or anomalous. A second and, at first sight, rather more plausible argument is that the world of experience must of necessity include the sum of human knowledge. If this is so, and if semantics is defined in terms of reference, the scope of semantics will be infinite. There is, then, no such thing in semantics as linguistic ability that is unrelated to knowledge of the world
Context of Situation
The term context of situation is associated with two scholars, first an anthropologist who has already been mentioned, B.Malinowski, and later a linguist, J.R. Firth. Both were concerned with stating meaning in terms of the context in which language is used, but in rather different ways.
Behaviorism
She would have first received a stimulus which would have produce a respon, and than would have connection of the object or accident.
Contex, Culture, and Style.
Instead of trying to interpret meaning in terms of Context, we can set ourselves the much more limited task of identifying those features of context which seem to be most relevant to our choice of language. To begin with, most, and perhaps all, language have deictis, which identify objects, persons and events in terms of their relation to the speakers in space and time. There are tree main types of deictic.
First, the speakers must be able to identify the participants in the discourse – himselfand the person or persons to whom he is speaking.
Secoundly, English has here and there, his and that to distinguish between the position of the speaker or closeness to it and other position or greater distances.
Thirdly, time relations are indicated in english not only by general adverbs such as now and then but also by more specific ones such as yesterday and tomorrow.
Apart from the style of the individual have suggested three main feature of style- provice, status and modality. Provice is concerned with occupation and professional activity. Status deals with social relation, but especially in term of formalityof language and the used of polite or colloquial languagew or of slang. Modality is intended to relate to the choice between poetry and prose, essay and short story, the language of memoranda, telegrams, jokes, etc.
A competence speaker of language of a language must have command of all these different style. But he will almost certainly have some command also of different kinds of his language that are collectively known as dialects.
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