MATERI KULIAH SPEAKER AND COMMUNITY TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background 

Speakers is someone who speaks a particular language. We can also say that speakers is someone who talk about something to a group of people. “A person who has spoken a certain language since early childhood” called native speakers. Speech community is a concept in sociolinguistics that describes a distinct group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselves. This is sometimes referred to as a Sprechbund.

In Chomskyan linguistics, a distinction is drawn between I-language (internal language) and E-language (external language). In this context, internal language is linguistic knowledge that a native speaker of language has. It applies to the study of syntax and semantics on the abstract level. External language applies to language in social contexts, i.e. behavioral habits shared by a community. Internal language analyses operate on the assumption that all native speakers of a language are quite homogeneous in how they process and perceive language.[citation needed] External language fields, such as sociolinguistics, attempt to explain why this is in fact not the case. Many sociolinguists reject the distinction between I- and E-language on the grounds that it is based on a mentalist view of language. Problem Stetment

1. What is speakers and community ?

2. How to the relationship between speakers and community ?

B. Purpose of Writing 

1. The reader can classification between speakers and community

2. The reader can explian the relationship between speakers and community. 

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Speakers and Community 

1. Speakers

Speakers is someone who speaks a particular language. We can also say that speakers is someone who talk about something to a group of people. “A person who has spoken a certain language since early childhood” called native speakers, (McArthur, 1992). Davis (1996) and Cook (1999) deconstructed this into attributes such as: subcons­cious knowledge of rules, intuitive grasp of meanings, ability to commun­icate within social settings, range of language skills, creativity of language use, identification with a language community, the ability to produce fluent discourse, and knowing differences between their own speech and that of the standard form of the language

“A native speaker of English" refers to someone who has learned and used English from early childhood. It does not necessarily mean that it is the speaker's only language, but it means it is and has been the primary means of concept formation and communication. It means having lived in a truly English-speaking culture during one's formative years, so that English has been absorbed effortlessly as by osmosis. Reality of appropriate to say @Robusto “that many non-native speakers speak better than native ones. Now... That doesn't make those people native speakers”.

One can have been born and grown up in a country that lists English as one of its official languages and not be a "native" speaker. For example, Canadians from Quebec cannot automatically be considered native English speakers even though many speak English quite well; they were brought up speaking French as a first language and think in French (or Canardien, as I have heard unkind Parisians refer to it). But the rest of Canada does consist of native speakers of English. 

2.Community 

The term community has two distinct commutative meanings: 1) Community can refer to a usually small, social unit of any size that shares common values. The term can also refer to the national community or international community, and 2) in biology, a community is a group of interacting living organisms sharing a populated environment. Community as small element of society. 

A number of ways to categorize types of community have been proposed; one such breakdown is:

a. Geographic communities: range from the local neighbourhood, suburb, village, town or city, region, nation or even the planet as a whole. These refer to communities of location.

b. Communities of culture: range from the local clique, sub-culture, ethnic group, religious, multicultural or pluralistic civilisation, or the global community cultures of today. They may be included as communities of need or identity, such as disabled persons, or frail aged people.

c. Community organizations: range from informal family or kinship networks, to more formal incorporated associations, political decision making structures, economic enterprises, or professional associations at a small, national or international scale.

Speech community is a concept in sociolinguistics that describes a distinct group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselves. This is sometimes referred to as a Sprechbund.

To be considered part of a speech community, one must have a communicative competence. That is, the speaker has the ability to use language in a way that is appropriate in the given situation. It is possible for a speaker to be communicatively competent in more than one language.

Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon, distinct social groups like high school students or hip hop fans, or even tight-knit groups like families and friends. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the group's special purposes and priorities.

Community of Practice allows for sociolinguistics to examine the relationship between socialization, competence, and identity. Since identity is a very complex structure, studying language socialization is a means to examine the micro-interactional level of practical activity (everyday activities). The learning of a language is greatly influenced by family but it is supported by the larger local surroundings, such as school, sports teams, or religion. Speech communities may exist within a larger community of practice

B. The Relationship between Speakers and Community in Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics The speakers is a person who spoken mother’s tongue. We can be sure that no two speakers have the same language, because no two spekers have the same experience of language. The individual speakers is presumably moulded much more by his experience  ( as listener ) than by his genetic make up, and his experience consists in fact of speech produced by other individual speakers each of whom is unique. Taking the view –point of an individual member talking and listening to other individuals , rather than obseving it from the outside, as we might imagine some giant doing, who could see the community as a whole and could start to dissect it, but hadn’t yet developed a micro scope fine enought to see individuals speakers.

The uniqueness of each person’s sociolinguistics past is not the only source of difference between speakers , however we can imagine person contracting a model of the community in which he lives. If the speakers used the mother’s tongue and the listener not understand, both used lingua franca. Sociolinguistics is study of language relate of society that had relationship between speakers and communty. 

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

1. Speakers is someone who speaks a particular language. Speakers devided two were native speakers and non – native speakers. Kinds of language usuallly be used of speakers are father’s language, mother’s language and lingua franca. 

2. Talking about sociolinguistic there are called speech community. Speech community is a concept in sociolinguistics that describes a distinct group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselves. This is sometimes referred to as a Sprechbund. To be considered part of a speech community, one must have a communicative competence. That is, the speaker has the ability to use language in a way that is appropriate in the given situation. It is possible for a speaker to be communicatively competent in more than one language.

REFERENCE

• Robusto  ( 2012 ). Meaning Of Native Speaker Of English . http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/14582/meaning-of-native-speaker-of-english. Monday, Ocktober 07th, 2013.

• Wikipedia. Sociolinguistic. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics . Monday, Ocktober 07th, 2013.

• Hudson R.A (2013). Sociolinguistics .